가정법
1. Real Conditionals(First Conditionals)
: 현재 또는 미래에 대한 불확실한 가정이나 상상
If + S + 현재형~, S + will(can, may) + 동사원형~
Ex) If it rains tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
2. 가정법 과거 : Present Unreal Conditionals(Second Conditionals)
: 현재사실의 반대 가정
If + S + 동사의 과거형(were)~, S + would(could, might) + 원형~
Ex) If I had much money, I could buy the car. → As I don't have enough money, I cannot buy the car.
Ex) If I were a bird, I could fly in the sky. →As I am not a bird, I cannot fly in the sky.
3. 가정법 과거완료 : Past Unreal Conditional (Third Conditionals)
If + S + had pp~, S + would(could, might) + have pp
Ex) If I had studied hard, I could have passed the exam.→As I didn't study hard, I could not pass the exam.
4. 가정법 미래
① ~ 할 리는 없겠지만, 만약 ~한다면
If + S + should + 동사원형 ~, S + would(could, might, will, can, may) + 원형
Ex) The weather forecast says that it won't rain tomorrow. But if it should rain, we would put off our picnic.
② 만일 ~할 의사가 있다면
If + S + would + 동사원형, S + would(could, might, will, can, may) + 원형~
Ex) If you would succeed, you would have to work hard.
③ 실현 불가능 한 경우
If + S + were to + 동사원형, S + would(could, might) + 원형~
Ex) If I were to be young again, I would marry her.
5. 혼합가정 : 가정법 과거와 과거완료의 조건절과 주절이 섞여서 사용된다.
① 조건절 : 가정법 과거완료 / 주절 : 가정법 과거
If + S + had pp~, S + would(could, might) + 원형 ~
Ex) If he had worked hard, he would be rich now. →As he did not worked hard, he is not rich now.
② 조건절 : 가정법 과거 / 주절 : 가정법 과거완료
If + S + 동사 과거형(were)~, S + would(should, could, might) + have pp
Ex) If he could speak English, he would have talked to the tourists. →As he cannot speak English, he did not talk to the tourists.
6. 특수한 가정법
1) I wish 가정법
① I wish + 가정법 과거 : (현재 : 지금 ~라면 좋은텐데)
② I wish + 가정법 과거완료 : (과거 : 과거에 ~ 했으면 좋을텐데)
③ I wish + S + would ~ : (미래 : 앞으로 ~하면 좋을텐데)
④ I wished + 가정법 과거 : (과거 : ~라면 좋을거라고 생각했다)
⑤ I wished + 가정법 과거완료 : (대과거 : ~했더라면 좋을 거라고 생각했다)
⑥ I wished + S + would ~ : (~하게 되면 좋을 거라고 생각했다)
2) as if 가정법
① as if(though) + 가정법 과거 : (현재)마치 ~인 것처럼
② as if(though) + 가정법 과거완료 : (과거)마치 ~했던 것처럼
③ as if + 직설법(현재, 미래) : 실제로 일어나고 있거나 일어날 가능성이 있는 경우
④ 과거시제 + as if + 가정법 과거 : (과거) 마치 ~인 것처럼 ~했다.
⑤ 과거시제 + as if + 가정법 과거완료 : (대과거) 마치 ~ 했던 것 처럼 ~ 했다.
7. 가정법에서 If 의 생략 : were, had, should 에 한해 조동사를 주어 앞으로 도치가 가능하다.
Ex) If he were not healthy, he would do the task. → Were it not healthy, he would not do the desk.
8. Without(But for) + 가정법 구문
1) 가정법 과거에서는 if it were not for 로 전환 가능
Without the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
= But for the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
= If it were not for the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
= Were it not for the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
2) 가정법 과거완료에서는 If it had not been for ~ 로 전환 가능
Without her, they could't have survived.
= But for her, they couldn't have survived.
= If it had not been for her, they couldn't have survived.
= Had it not been for her, they couldn't have survived.
9. 가정법의 의미를 내포한 절
1) 명사에 가정법의 의미를 내포한 경우
Ex) A wise man would not do such a thing.
2) 부사에 가정법의 의미를 내포한 경우
Ex) I started for the airport at once; otherwise, I would have missed the plane.
3) 부정사에 가정법의 의미를 내포한 경우
Ex) To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American.
4) 분사구문에 가정법의 의미를 내포한 경우
Ex) Left to himself, he woudl never finish it.
5) 앞 뒤 문맥에 가정법의 의미를 내포한 경우
Ex) That might seem strange.
10. 관용적 표현
1) It is (high) time (that) : ~할 시간이다.
Ex) It is time (that) you should go to bed.
: It is time (that) you went to bed.
: It is time for you to go to bed.
2) Would that : ~하기만 한다면
Ex) Would that(If only) she could see her famous son now.
3) provided : ~라고 가정한다면
4) given : ~가 주어진다면