수동태
수동 12시제
| 현재 | 과거 | 미래 | |
| 기본 시제 | 현재 | 과거 | 미래 |
| A cake is made | A cake was made | A cake will be made | |
| 진행 시제 | 현재진행 | 과거진행 | 미래진행 |
| A cake is being made | A cake was being made | A cake will be being made | |
| 완료시제 | 현재완료 | 과거완료 | 미래완료 |
| A cake has been made | A cake had been made | A cake will have been made. | |
| 완료진행 시제 | 현재완료진행 | 과거완료진행 | 미래완료진행 |
| A cake has been being made | A cake had been being made | A cakde will have been being made |
1. 수동태의 쓰임
1) 동작의 주체가 불분명한 경우 : 생략가능
Ex) The windows were broken last night.
2) 동작의 주체가 일반인(We, You, They, One)인 경우 : 생략가능
Ex) English is spoken in New Zealand.
3) 동작의 객체를 강조하는 경우
Ex) The phonograph, not the telegraph, was invented
2. 수동태가 쓰이지 않는 경우
1) 소유, 상태의 동사 : have, possess, belong, cost, resemble, reach, become, lack
Ex) I have a new bike : A new bike is had by me (X)
2) 목적어가 상호대명사 : each other, one another
Ex) They love each other.
3) 사역동사 : let, have
3. 목적어가 명사절인 3형식 동사에서 수동태
1) It is (said, believed, thought, reported) that + S + V
2) that절의 주어 + is (said, believed, thought, reported) +to부정사
: that절의 시제가 한 시제 더 과거인 경우 현재완료를 사용한다.
Ex) They say that she has been ill for three years.
: She is said to have been ill for three years.
: It is said that she has been ill for three years.
4. 4형식의 수동태
1) 두 가지 수동태 가능 : give, tell, teach, lend, show
Ex) She gave me a book.
: I was given a book by her.
: A book was given to me by her.
2) 직접목적어만 주어로 사용하는 경우 : buy, sell, make, bring, pass, read, write, get, send, hand
Ex) She bought me a present.
: A present was bought for me by her.
3) 간접목적어만 주어로 사용하는 경우 : call, answer, envy, save, kiss, spare, refuse, deny
Ex) She kissed me good night.
: I was kissed good night by her.
5. 5형식의 수동태
1) 목적어가 명사, 형용사, to 부정사일 때
Ex) We call him Little Giant.
: He is called Little Giant by us.
2) 목적격보어가 동사원형일 때
S + 지각, 사역동사 + 목적어 + 원형부정사 → S + be pp + to부정사
Ex) We saw her enter the room.
: She was seen to enter the room by us.
Ex) They made us work hard.
: We were made to work hard ny them.
6. 명령문의 수동태
1) 명령문 : Let + 목적어 + be pp
Ex) Do it at once.
: Let it be done at once.
2) 부정명령문
① Don't let + O + be pp
② Let + O + not + be pp
Ex) Don't forget it.
: Don't let it be forgotten.
: Let it not be forgotten.
7. 의문문의 수동태
1) 의문사가 없는 의문문 : be 동사나 조동사를 맨 앞에
Ex) Does he love Jane? →He loves Jane. →Jane is loved by him. →Is Jane loved by him?
2) 의문사가 있는 의문문
① 의문사가 주어지는 경우 : By whom + be + O + pp?
Ex) Who broke the vase? →Who broke the vase. →The vase was broken by whom. →By whom the vase was broken?
② 의문사가 주어가 아닌 경우 : 의문사를 그대로 두고 문장을 기본 원칙에 따라 고친다.
8. 부정주어의 수동태
not + any = no
not + anybody = nobody
not + anything =nothing
not + ever = never
not + either = neither
Nothing ~, No one ~ →be + not + pp + by (anything, anyone)
Ex) He did't find anything. →Nothing was found
Ex) Nothing could stop him from doing it.
: He could't be stopped from doing it by anything.
9. 동사구의 수동태 타동사구
① 자동사 + 전치사
laught at, run over, attend to, look at, rely on, depend on, account for, deal with, impose on
② 타동사 + 목적어 + 전치사
take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make much of, make little of, find fault with, get rid of, lay emphasis on
③ 동사 + 부사 + 전치사
speak highly of, speak ill of, think highly of